Mahele 1 -Hana anumakekila
ʻO ke kila make anu anuanu e pili ana i nā mold no ka hana ʻana i ke kuʻi a me ka ʻoki ʻana (blanking a me nā kuʻi ʻana, ʻokiʻoki ʻia, nā kuʻi, nā ʻokiʻoki), nā poʻomanaʻo poʻomanaʻo anu, nā ʻōpala extrusion anu, nā kuʻi kuʻi, a me nā wili kiʻi kiʻi, etc.
1. Nā kūlana hana a me nā koi hana no ka hana anumake kila
I ka hana ana o ka hana anumake kila, Ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka deformation kū'ē o ka mea i hana ʻia, ʻo ka ʻāpana hana o ka mold ke kaumaha nui, ka ikaika kulou, ka ikaika hopena, a me ka ikaika friction.No laila, ʻo ke kumu maʻamau o ke kāʻili ʻana i nā ʻōpala hana anuanu ma muli o ka ʻaʻahu a me ka waimaka.Aia kekahi mau hihia i hāʻule mua lākou ma muli o ka haʻihaʻi, ka hiolo ikaika, a me ka deformation ma mua o ka hoʻomanawanui.
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke kila mea hana ʻoki, hana anumake kilahe nui na mea like.Pono ka ʻōpala e loaʻa i ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana, ka ikaika kulou kiʻekiʻe, a me ka paʻakikī kūpono e hōʻoia i ka holomua o ka hana stamping.Aia ka ʻokoʻa i ke ʻano paʻakikī a me ka ʻenehana hana ʻana o ka mold, a me ka wahi friction nui a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻaʻahu, e paʻakikī ai ka hoʻoponopono ʻana a me ka wili.No laila, koi ʻia ke kūpale ʻaʻahu kiʻekiʻe.I ka wā e hana ana ka ʻōpala, hoʻokō ia i ke kaomi kuʻi kiʻekiʻe a hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ke koʻikoʻi ma muli o kona ʻano paʻakikī, no laila pono ia i ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe;He nui ka nui a me ka paʻakikī o ka mold, no laila pono ia i ka hardenability kiʻekiʻe, ka liʻiliʻi deformation, a me ke ʻano o ka haki.I ka pōkole, ʻo nā koi no ka hardenability, ʻaʻahu kūʻē, a me ka paʻakikī o ka hana anumake kilaʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ke kila mea hana ʻoki.Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o nā koi no ka ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula a ʻaʻole pono paha (no ka mea, ua hoʻokumu ʻia i loko o kahi kūlana anu), no laila ua hoʻokumu ʻia kekahi mau māka kila kūpono no nā ʻano hana anu, e like me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kūpaʻa lole kiʻekiʻe, micro deformation. hana anumake kilaa me ka hana anu a paakiki kiekiemake kila.
2. koho kila kila
ʻO ka maʻamau, e like me ke ʻano o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻāpana hana anu, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke koho ʻana o nā māka kila i nā kūlana ʻehā:
①Cponi hana kahiko me ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, ke ʻano maʻalahi, a me ka ukana māmā.
ʻO kahi laʻana, hiki ke hana ʻia nā kuʻi liʻiliʻi a me nā ʻoki no ka ʻoki ʻana i nā pā kila me nā kila mea hana kalapona e like me T7A, T8A, T10A, a me T12A.ʻO nā mea maikaʻi o kēia ʻano kila;Maikaʻi ke kaʻina hana, ke kumu kūʻai maʻalahi.Akā, ʻo kona mau hemahema: ka haʻahaʻa paʻakikī, ʻaʻahu maikaʻi ʻole, a me ka deformation quenching nui.No laila, kūpono wale ia no ka hana ʻana i nā mea hana me nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, nā ʻano maʻalahi, a me nā haʻahaʻa māmā, a me nā ʻōpala hana anu e pono ai ka papa haʻahaʻa paʻakikī a me ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe.
② ʻO nā pahu hana anu me nā ana nui, nā ʻano paʻakikī, a me nā ukana māmā.
ʻO nā ʻano kila i hoʻohana maʻamau ʻia me nā kila mea hana ʻoki haʻahaʻa e like me 9SiCr, CrWMn, GCr15, a me 9Mn2V.ʻO ke anawaena kinai o kēia mau kila i ka ʻaila hiki ke piʻi ma luna o 40mm.Ma waena o lākou, ʻo 9Mn2V ke kila he ʻano hana anumake kilai kūkulu ʻia ma Kina i nā makahiki i hala iho nei ʻaʻole i loaʻa iā Cr.Hiki iā ia ke hoʻololi a hoʻololi i ke kila i loaʻa iā Cr.
ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka carbide heterogeneity a me ka quenching cracking tendency o ke kila 9Mn2V ma mua o ko ka CrWMn kila, a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka decarburization ma mua o ke kila 9SiCr, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī ma mua o ke kila kila.ʻO kāna kumu kūʻai ma kahi o 30% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka mea hope, no laila he kila kila e hoʻolaha a hoʻohana.Eia nō naʻe, loaʻa i ke kila 9Mn2V kekahi mau hemahema, e like me ke ʻano haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me nā ʻano haki i loaʻa i ka hana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana.Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka paʻa o ka tempering, a ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mahana wela ma mua o 180 ℃.Ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia ma 200 ℃, hoʻomaka ka ikaika kulou a me ka paʻakikī e hōʻike i nā waiwai haʻahaʻa.
Hiki ke kinai ʻia ke kila 9Mn2V i ka pāpaʻi kinai me ka mana hoʻoluʻu haʻahaʻa e like me ka nitrate a me ka aila wela.No kekahi mau mold me nā koi deformation koʻikoʻi a me nā koi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka austenitic isothermal quenching.
③ ʻO nā pahu hana anu me nā ana nui, nā ʻano paʻakikī, a me nā ukana kaumaha.
Pono e hoʻohana i ke kila kila kila kiʻekiʻe, e like me Cr12Mo, Crl2MoV, Cr6WV, Cr4W2MoV, a pēlā aku.
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻonui ʻia ke ʻano o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kila kiʻekiʻe e like me ke anuanu hana, akā pono e kuhikuhi ʻia i kēia manawa, ʻaʻole ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikaika ʻulaʻula kūikawā o ke kila kiʻekiʻe, akā. akā, ʻo kona paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe a me ke kūpaʻa ʻaʻahu kiʻekiʻe.No laila, pono e loaʻa nā ʻokoʻa i ke kaʻina hana wela.
I ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kila kiʻekiʻe e like me ke ʻano anu, pono e hoʻohana ʻia ka quenching haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka paʻakikī.No ka laʻana, ʻo ka wela hoʻohana maʻamau no nā mea hana ʻoki kila W18Cr4V he 1280-1290 ℃.I ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano hana anu, pono e hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka wela haʻahaʻa ma 1190 ℃.ʻO kekahi laʻana ʻo W6Mo5Cr4V2 kila.Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka quenching haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia ke ola lawelawe, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka nui o ka pohō.
④ ʻO nā ʻōpala hana anu i hoʻopili ʻia i nā haʻahaʻa hopena a loaʻa nā ʻāpana ʻili lahilahi.
E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei, ʻo nā koi hana o nā ʻano mua ʻekolu o nā kila make anu hana nui ka nui o ka pale ʻana, no laila ke hoʻohana ʻia ke kila hypereutectoid kiʻekiʻe a me ke kila ledeburite.Eia nō naʻe, no kekahi mau hana anu, e like me ka ʻoki ʻana o ka hale kiaʻi ʻaoʻao a me ka make blanking, nona nā ami kiko lahilahi a pili i ka haʻalulu i ka wā e hoʻohana ai, koi ʻia ka paʻakikī hopena kiʻekiʻe.I mea e hoʻoponopono ai i kēia kū'ē'ē, hiki ke hana i kēia mau hana:
Ⅰ-e hōʻemi i ka ʻona kalapona a hoʻohana i ke kila hypoeutectoid e pale aku i ka emi ʻana o ka paʻakikī o ke kila i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā carbide kumu mua a me ka lua;
Ⅱ-ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea hoʻohui e like me Si a me Cr e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka paʻa ʻana o ka hoʻonaninani a me ka mahana o ke kila (ka wela ma 240-270 ℃) he mea pono no ka hoʻopau piha ʻana i ke kaumaha a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana me ka ʻole e hōʻemi i ka paʻakikī;
Ⅲ-E hoʻohui i nā mea e like me W e hana i nā carbide refractory e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka palaoa a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka paʻakikī.ʻO nā mea kila i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia no nā mea hoʻoheheʻe hana anuanu ʻoi aku ka 6SiCr, 4CrW2Si, 5CrW2Si, etc.
3. Nā ala e hoʻohana pono ai i ka hiki ke hana o ke kila hoʻoheheʻe anuanu
I ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kila Cr12 ʻano a i ʻole ke kila kiʻekiʻe e like me ka hana anuanu, ʻo ka pilikia koʻikoʻi ʻo ka brittleness kiʻekiʻe o ke kila, a hiki i ka haki ʻana i ka wā hoʻohana.I kēia hopena, pono ia e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā carbide me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ala forging lawa.Eia kekahi, pono e hoʻomohala ʻia nā māka kila hou.ʻO ka manaʻo nui o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā māka kila hou e hōʻemi i ka ʻike kalapona o ke kila a me ka helu o nā mea hana carbide.
Loaʻa i ke kila Cr4W2MoV nā mea maikaʻi e like me ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe, ke kūpaʻa lole kiʻekiʻe, a me ka paʻakikī maikaʻi.Loaʻa iā ia ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi a me nā waiwai mechanical piha.Hoʻohana ʻia ia no ka hana ʻana i ke kila silika make, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Hiki iā ia ke hoʻonui i ke ola ma mua o 1-3 mau manawa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke kila Cr12MoV.Eia nō naʻe, he haiki ka laulā wela o kēia kila, a hiki i ka pohā i ka wā e hana ai.Pono e mālama pono ʻia ka mahana forging a me nā kikoʻī hana.
Cr2Mn2SiWMoV kila i haʻahaʻa quenching wela, uuku quenching deformation, a kiʻekiʻe hardenability.Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka air quenched micro deformationmake kila.
Hiki i ke kila 7W7Cr4MoV ke pani i ke kila W18Cr4V a me Cr12MoV.ʻO kona hiʻohiʻona ʻo ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa maikaʻi ʻole o ka carbide a me ka paʻakikī o ke kila.
Māhele2 -Hana welamake kila
1. Nā kūlana hana o nā'ōmole hana wela
Hoʻopili ʻia nā mea hoʻoheheʻe hana wela i ka hāmare forging molds, hot extrusion molds, a me die-casting molds.E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua, ʻo ka hiʻohiʻona nui o nā kūlana hana o nā ʻōpala hana wela ke hoʻopili ʻia me ka metala wela, ʻo ia ka ʻokoʻa nui mai nā kūlana hana o nā mea hana anu.No laila, e lawe mai ia i nā pilikia ʻelua:
(1) Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ka metala ʻili o ka lua mold.ʻO ka maʻamau, i ka wā e hana ana ka hammering make, hiki ke piʻi ka mahana wela o ka lua make ma luna o 300-400 ℃, a hiki i ka extrusion wela ke piʻi ma luna o 500-800 ℃;ʻO ka mahana o ka lua o ka mold die-casting e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe make a me ka ninini ʻana i ka mahana.Ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka metala ʻeleʻele, hiki ke piʻi ka mahana o ka lua ma luna o 1000 ℃.ʻO kēlā mau wela hoʻohana kiʻekiʻe e hoʻemi nui i ka paʻakikī o ka ʻili a me ka ikaika o ka lua mold, e maʻalahi i ka pelu ʻana i ka wā e hoʻohana ai.Ke koi hana kumu no ka welamake kilaʻO ke kūpaʻa thermoplastic kiʻekiʻe, me ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe a me ka ikaika, a me ke kūpaʻa thermoplastic kiʻekiʻe, e hōʻike maoli ana i ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe o ke kila.Mai kēia, hiki ke loaʻa ke ala mua i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ke kila wela wela, ʻo ia hoʻi, e hoʻohui i nā mea hoʻohuihui e like me Cr, W, Si hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka paʻa ʻana o ke kila.
(2) Loaʻa ka luhi wela (māhā) ma ka ʻili o ka metala o ka lua poni.ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona hana o nā mold wela he intermittent.Ma hope o kēlā me kēia hana metala wela, pono e hoʻomaʻalili ʻia ka ʻili o ka lua polū e ka media e like me ka wai, ka aila, a me ka ea.No laila, ʻo ke kūlana hana o ka ʻeleʻele wela e hoʻomaʻamaʻa pinepine ʻia a hoʻomaha ʻia, i mea e hoʻonui pinepine ʻia ai ka metala o ka lua mold, ʻo ia hoʻi, hoʻokau pinepine ʻia i ke koʻikoʻi tensile a compressive.ʻO ka hopena, e pohā ka ʻili o ka lua mold, i kapa ʻia ʻo thermal fatigue.No laila, ka lua kumu hana koi no ka welamake kilawaiho ʻia i mua, ʻo ia hoʻi, he kiʻekiʻe ka wela wela.
ʻO ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, ʻo nā kumu nui e pili ana i ke kūpaʻa luhi wela o ke kila:
① Ka thermal conductivity o ke kila.Hiki i ka conductivity thermal kiʻekiʻe o ke kila ke hoʻemi i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻomehana ʻana ma ka ʻili o ka metala, a laila e hōʻemi ana i ke ʻano o ke kila i ka luhi wela.Manaʻo maʻamau e pili ana ka conductivity thermal o ke kila me kona ʻano kalapona.Ke kiʻekiʻe ka ʻike kalapona, haʻahaʻa ka conductivity thermal, no laila ʻaʻole kūpono ke hoʻohana i ke kila kalapona kiʻekiʻe no ka hana welamake kila.Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ke kila kalapona liʻiliʻi (C0.3% 5-0.6%) i ka hana ʻana, hiki ke alakaʻi i ka emi ʻana o ka paʻakikī a me ka ikaika o ke kila a he pōʻino hoʻi.
② Ka hopena koʻikoʻi o ke kila.ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke kiko koʻikoʻi (Acl) o ke kila, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o kona ʻano luhi wela.No laila, hoʻonui ʻia ka helu koʻikoʻi o ke kila ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea hoʻohuihui Cr, W, Si, a me ke alakaʻi.Pēlā e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ke kūpaʻa luhi wela o ke kila.
2. Ke kila no ka hoʻohana maʻamau i ka hana wela
(1) Make kila no ka hana hamare.ʻO ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, ʻelua mau pilikia koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kila no ka hammer forging mold.ʻO ka mea mua, pili ia i nā ukana hopena i ka wā o ka hana.No laila, pono e kiʻekiʻe nā waiwai mechanical o ke kila, ʻoi aku hoʻi no ka pale ʻana i ka deformation plastic a me ka paʻakikī;ʻO ke kumu ʻelua, ʻo ka nui o ke keʻa o ka hammer forging die he ʻano nui (<400mm), kahi e koi ai i ka hardenability kiʻekiʻe o ke kila e hōʻoia i ka microstructure like ʻole a me ka hana o ka make holoʻokoʻa.
ʻO nā kila make hāmare maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia me 5CrNiMo, 5CrMnMo, 5CrNiW, 5CrNiTi, a me 5CrMnMoSiV.Pono e hoʻohana i nā ʻano mea like ʻole o ka hammer eye mold.No ka make ʻana o ka hāmare nui a nui paha, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o 5CrNiMo.Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ʻo 5CrNiTi, 5CrNiW, a i ʻole 5CrMnMoSi.Hoʻohana mau ʻia ke kila 5CrMnMo no ka make hammer forging liʻiliʻi.
(2) Hoʻohana ʻia ke kila no nā ʻōpala extrusion wela, a ʻo ke ʻano hana o nā mold extrusion wela ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻouka ʻana.No laila, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana wela o ka lua mold, maʻamau a hiki i 500-800 ℃.ʻO nā koi hana no kēia ʻano kila e kālele nui ʻia i ka ikaika wela kiʻekiʻe (ʻo ia hoʻi ka paʻa ʻana o ka wela wela) a me ke kūpaʻa wela wela.Hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa pono i nā koi no ka AK a me ka hardenability.ʻO ka mea maʻamau, he liʻiliʻi ka nui o nā mold extrusion wela, pinepine ma lalo o 70-90 mm.
Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā ʻōpala extrusion wela me 4CrW2Si, 3Cr2W8V, a me 5% Cr ʻano hana wela.make kilas.I waena o lākou, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ʻo 4CrW2Si e like me ka hana anumake kilaa me ka hana welamake kila.Ma muli o nā hoʻohana like ʻole, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano hana lapaʻau wela.I ka hana ʻana i nā ʻūhā anu, hoʻohana ʻia nā mahana hoʻoheheʻe haʻahaʻa (870-900 ℃) a me ka mālama ʻana i ka wela haʻahaʻa;I ka hana ʻana i nā ʻōpala wela, hoʻohana ʻia kahi mahana hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe (maʻamau 950-1000 ℃) a me ka mālama ʻana i ka wela wela.
(3) Ke kila no ka hoʻoheheʻe make.Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, ʻo nā koi hana o ke kila no nā mold die-casting e like me nā mea no nā mold extrusion wela, me ka paʻa kiʻekiʻe tempering a me ke kūpaʻa luhi wela ka mea nui.No laila ʻo ke ʻano kila maʻamau e like me ke kila i hoʻohana ʻia no nā mold extrusion wela.E like me ka mea maʻamau, hoʻohana ʻia ke kila e like me 4CrW2Si a me 3Cr2W8V.Eia nō naʻe, aia nā ʻokoʻa, e like me ka hoʻohana ʻana o 40Cr, 30CrMnSi, a me 40CrMo no nā pahu hoʻoheheʻe haʻahaʻa Zn alloy make-casting molds;No ka Al a me Mg alloy make-casting molds, 4CrW2Si, 4Cr5MoSiV, etc.No ka Cu alloy make-casting molds, 3Cr2W8V kila ka hapanui o ka hoohana.
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Ka manawa hoʻouna: Iune-21-2023