ʻO ka Tube keleawe maʻamau kiʻekiʻe a me ke koʻokoʻo paʻa
Ana ʻana o ka maʻemaʻe
Hiki ke ana ʻia ka maʻemaʻe o ke keleawe me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kumumanaʻo Archimedes, kahi e ana ʻia ai ka nui a me ke kaumaha o ka hāpana, a laila hiki ke helu ʻia ka pakeneka o ke keleawe i loko o ke keleawe ma muli o ka nui o ke keleawe a me ka nui o ka zinc.
Keleawe maʻamau
He mea ia e hui pū ʻia me ke keleawe a me ka zinc.
Ke emi ka nui o ka zinc ma mua o 35%, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka zinc i loko o ke keleawe e hana i kahi alpha hoʻokahi-phase, i kapa ʻia he keleawe hoʻokahi-phase, maikaʻi ka plasticity, kūpono no ka hana ʻana i ke kaomi wela a me ke anu.
Ke loaʻa ka nui o ka zinc he 36% ~ 46%, aia kahi hopena paʻa α-phase a me β-phase e pili ana i ke keleawe a me ka zinc, i kapa ʻia he keleawe biphasic, ʻo ka β-phase e hoʻemi ai i ka plasticity keleawe a hoʻonui i ka ikaika tensile, kūpono wale no ka hana ʻana i ke kaomi wela.
Inā hoʻomau mākou e hoʻonui i ka hapa nui o ka zinc, e emi ana ka ikaika tensile a ʻaʻohe waiwai hoʻohana.
Ua hōʻike ʻia ke code e "H + helu", ʻo H ke ʻano he keleawe, a ʻo ka helu ke ʻano o ka hapa nui o ke keleawe.
Eia kekahi laʻana, ʻo H68 ke ʻano o ke keleawe i loaʻa he 68% keleawe a me 32% zinc, a ʻo ke keleawe hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ua hele mua ʻia e ka huaʻōlelo "Z", e like me ZH62.
Eia kekahi laʻana, ʻo ZCuZnzn38 ke ʻano o ke keleawe hoʻoheheʻe me 38% zinc a me ke koena o ke keleawe.
ʻO H90, H80 no ke keleawe hoʻokahi-paepae, melemele gula.
ʻO H59 ka keleawe duplex, i hoʻohana nui ʻia no nā ʻāpana kūkulu o nā mīkini uila, e like me nā bolts, nā nati, nā mea holoi, nā pūnāwai a pēlā aku.
Ma keʻano laulā, hoʻohana ʻia ke keleawe hoʻokahi-phase no ka hana ʻana i ke anu anuanu a hoʻohana ʻia ke keleawe ʻelua-phase no ka hana ʻana i ke wela.
Keleawe kūikawā
ʻO ka multi-alloy i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea hoʻohuihui ʻē aʻe i ke keleawe maʻamau ua kapa ʻia he keleawe kūikawā. ʻO nā mea i hoʻohui pinepine ʻia he kēpau, tin, alumini, a pēlā aku, a no laila hiki ke kapa ʻia he keleawe kēpau, keleawe tin, keleawe alumini. ʻO ke kumu o ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea hoʻohuihui. ʻO ke kumu nui ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ikaika tensile a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hiki ke hana.
ʻO ke code: "H + ka hōʻailona o ka mea nui i hoʻohui ʻia (koe wale nō ka zinc) + ka hapa nui o ke keleawe + ka hapa nui o ka mea nui i hoʻohui ʻia + ka hapa nui o nā mea ʻē aʻe".
Eia kekahi laʻana: Hōʻike ʻo HPb59-1 ʻo ka hapa nui o ke keleawe he 59%, ʻo ka hapa nui o ke kēpau e loaʻa ana ka mea hoʻohui nui he 1%, a ʻo ke koena o ka zinc he keleawe kēpau.
ʻOkoʻa nā waiwai mechanical o ke keleawe me ka nui o ka zinc ma muli o nā nui like ʻole o ka zinc i loko o ke keleawe. No ke keleawe α, piʻi mau ʻo σb a me δ i ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka zinc. No ke keleawe (α+β), piʻi mau ka ikaika o ka mahana o ka lumi a hiki i ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka zinc i kahi 45%. Inā hoʻonui hou ʻia ka nui o ka zinc, emi nui ka ikaika ma muli o ke ʻano o ka r-phase ʻoi aku ka palupalu (Cu5Zn8 compound-based solid solution) i loko o ka hui alloy. (ʻO ka plasticity o ka mahana o ka lumi o ke keleawe (α+β) e emi mau ana me ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka zinc. No laila, ʻaʻohe waiwai kūpono o nā alloys keleawe-zinc me ka nui o ka zinc ma mua o 45%.
Hoʻohana ʻia ke keleawe maʻamau i nā ʻano hana like ʻole e like me nā kāʻei pahu wai, nā paipu hoʻolako wai a me nā paipu hoʻokahe wai, nā medallions, nā paipu corrugated, nā paipu serpentine, nā paipu condensation, nā pūpū a me nā huahana punching ʻano paʻakikī like ʻole, nā lako liʻiliʻi, a pēlā aku. Me ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka nui o ka zinc mai H63 a i H59, hiki iā lākou ke kū i ka hana wela, a hoʻohana nui ʻia ma nā ʻāpana like ʻole o nā mīkini a me nā mīkini uila, nā ʻāpana hehi a me nā mea kani.
I mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka pala, ka ikaika, ka paʻakikī a me ka machinability o ke keleawe, kahi liʻiliʻi (ma ke ʻano maʻamau 1% a 2%, kekahi mau mea a hiki i 3% a 4%, kakaikahi loa a hiki i 5% a 6%) o ka tin, aluminika, manganese, hao, silicon, nickel, kēpau a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i hoʻohui ʻia i ka hui keleawe-zinc e hana i kahi ternary, quaternary, a i ʻole ʻelima mau mea hui, ʻo ia hoʻi ke keleawe paʻakikī, i ʻike ʻia hoʻi he keleawe kūikawā.
He ikaika ke kūpaʻa o ke keleawe i ka ʻaʻahu ʻana, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ke keleawe i ka hana ʻana i nā valves, nā paipu wai, nā paipu hoʻohui mīkini kūloko a me waho a me nā radiators, a pēlā aku.
Keleawe alakaʻi
ʻAneʻane hiki ʻole ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ke kēpau i loko o ke keleawe a ua hoʻolaha ʻia ma nā palena o ka palaoa ma ke ʻano o nā ʻano manuahi. ʻElua ʻano keleawe kēpau e like me kā lākou hoʻonohonoho ʻana: α a me (α+β). Hiki ke hoʻololi anu ʻia ke keleawe kēpau α a wela paha ma muli o ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ke kēpau a me ka plasticity haʻahaʻa i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe. (α+β) He maikaʻi ka plasticity o ke keleawe kēpau i ka mahana kiʻekiʻe a hiki ke hana ʻia.
Keleawe kini
ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka tin i ke keleawe hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ke kūpaʻa wela o ka metala, ʻoi aku hoʻi e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hiki ke pale aku i ka pala o ka wai kai, no laila ua kapa ʻia ke keleawe tin ʻo "naval brass".
Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka tin i loko o ka hopena paʻa keleawe, e hoʻoikaika i ka hopena paʻa. Eia nō naʻe, me ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka nui o ka tin, e ʻike ʻia ka alloy i kahi ʻano palupalu r-phase (CuZnSn compound), ʻaʻole ia e kūpono i ka deformation plastic o ka alloy, no laila ʻo ka nui o ka tin o ke keleawe tin ma ka laulā o 0.5% a 1.5%.
ʻO nā keleawe tin i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo HSn70-1, HSn62-1, HSn60-1, a pēlā aku. ʻO ka mea mua he alloy alpha me ka plasticity kiʻekiʻe a hiki ke hana ʻia e ke kaomi anu a wela paha. Loaʻa i nā papa ʻelua hope (α+β) ka hoʻonohonoho ʻelua-phase, a pinepine ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o kahi liʻiliʻi o ka r-phase, ʻaʻole kiʻekiʻe ka plasticity o ka lumi, a hiki ke hoʻololi wale ʻia i ke kūlana wela.
Keleawe manganese
He nui ka solubility o ka manganese i loko o ke keleawe paʻa. Inā hoʻohui ʻoe i 1% a i 4% o ka manganese i loko o ke keleawe, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka ikaika a me ke kūpaʻa i ka pala o ka metala, me ka ʻole o ka hoʻemi ʻana i kona plasticity.
He (α+β) ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ke keleawe manganese, ʻo HMn58-2 ka mea maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia, a maikaʻi loa ka hana hana kaomi i ke anuanu a me ke wela.
Keleawe Ferrous
I loko o ke keleawe hao, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka hao ma ke ʻano he mau ʻāpana o ka pae waiwai hao, hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā hua e like me nā nuclei, a pale i ka ulu ʻana o nā hua i hoʻopili hou ʻia, no laila e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i nā waiwai mechanical a me nā waiwai hana o ka alloy. ʻO ka nui o ka hao i loko o ka ferrobrass ma lalo o 1.5%, a ʻo kona hoʻonohonoho ʻana he (α+β), me ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ka paʻakikī, ka plasticity maikaʻi i ka mahana kiʻekiʻe, a hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia i ke kūlana anuanu. ʻO ka papa maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Hfe59-1-1.
Keleawe nikala
Hiki i ka nikala a me ke keleawe ke hana i kahi hopena paʻa mau, e hoʻonui nui ana i ka ʻāpana alpha phase. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka nikala i ke keleawe hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ke keleawe i ka lewa a me ka wai kai. Hoʻokiʻekiʻe pū ka nikala i ka mahana recrystallization o ke keleawe a paipai i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā ʻano hua maikaʻi.
Loaʻa i ke keleawe nickel HNi65-5 kahi hui alpha hoʻokahi-paepae, me ka plasticity maikaʻi i ka mahana o ka lumi, hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia i ke kūlana wela, akā pono e kāohi pono ʻia ka ʻike o nā mea haumia o ke kēpau, inā ʻaʻole e hōʻino nui ia i nā waiwai hana wela o ka metala.
Mahana hana wela 750 ~ 830 ℃; mahana hoʻomehana 520 ~ 650 ℃; mahana hoʻomehana haʻahaʻa 260 ~ 270 ℃ no ka hoʻopau ʻana i ke kaumaha kūloko.
Keleawe kaiapuni C26000 C2600 ʻO ka plasticity maikaʻi loa, ikaika kiʻekiʻe, hiki ke mīkini ʻia, kuʻihao, kūpaʻa maikaʻi i ka pala, nā mea hoʻololi wela, nā paipu no ka hana pepa, nā mīkini, nā ʻāpana uila.
Kikoʻī (mm): Kikoʻī: mānoanoa: 0.01-2.0mm, laulā: 2-600mm.
Paʻakiki: O, 1/2H, 3/4H, H, EH, SH, etc.
Nā kūlana kūpono: GB, JISH, DIN, ASTM, EN.
Nā hiʻohiʻona: hana ʻoki maikaʻi loa, kūpono no ka lathe aunoa, ka hana lathe CNC o nā ʻāpana kikoʻī kiʻekiʻe.
